Evidence-Based Hormone Therapies

Adults

Healthy young adults: Thyroxine treatment (1 reference)

1. Münte TF, Radamm C, Johannes S, Brabant G. Alterations of cognitive functions induced by exogenous application of thyroid hormones in healthy men: a double-blind cross-over study using event-related brain potentials. Thyroid. 2001 Apr;11(4):385-91.

Healthy young adults: Triiodthyronine treatment (1 reference)

2. Wolthers T, Grøftne T, Møller N, Christiansen JS, Orskov H, Weeke J, Jørgensen JO. Calorigenic effects of growth hormone: the role of thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Apr;81(4):1416-9.

Healthy adults of all ages: Triiodthyronine treatment (4 references)

3. Ginsberg AM, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Cryer PE. Triiodothyronine-induced thyrotoxicosis increases mononuclear leukocyte beta-adrenergic receptor density in man. J Clin Invest. 1981 Jun;67(6):1785-91.
4. Napoli R, Guardasole V, Angelini V, Zarra E, Terracciano D, D’Anna C, Matarazzo M, Oliviero U, Macchia V, Saccà L. Acute effects of triiodothyronine on endothelial function in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):250-4.
5. Schmidt BM, Martin N, Georgens AC, Tillmann HC, Feuring M, Christ M, Wehling M. Nongenomic cardiovascular effects of triiodothyronine in euthyroid male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1681-6.
6. Wolthers T, Lechuga A, Grøfte T, Nørrelund H, Møller N, Christiansen JS, Jørgensen JO. Serum leptin concentrations during short-term administration of growth hormone and triiodothyronine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Horm Metab Res. 1999 Jan;31(1):37-40.

Healthy elderly adults: Thyroxine treatment (1 reference)

7. Pilot study on the assessment of the setpoint of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in healthy volunteers. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Feb;162(2):323-9

Healthy adults undergoing space flight stimulation: Triiodothyronine treatment (2 references)

8. Smith SR, Lovejoy JC, Bray GA, Rood J, Most MM, Ryan DH. Triiodothyronine increases calcium loss in a bed rest antigravity model for space flight. Metabolism. 2008 Dec;57(12):1696-703.
9. Gouvier WD, Pinkston JB, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, Bray GA, Santa Maria MP, Hammer JH, Hilsabeck RC, Smiroldo B, Bentz B, Browndyke J. Neuropsychological and emotional changes during simulated microgravity: effects of triiodothyronine alendronate, and testosterone. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004 Mar;19(2):153-63.

Healthy adults undergoing adaptation to extreme cold (Antartic polar environment): Thyroxine treatment (4 references)

10. Palinkas LA, Reedy KR, Shepanek M, Reeves D, Samuel Case H, Van Do N, Lester Reed H. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effectiveness of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and short-term exposure to bright light in prevention of decrements in cognitive performance and mood during prolonged Antarctic residence. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Apr;72(4):543-50.
11. Palinkas LA, Reedy KR, Smith M, Anghel M, Steel GD, Reeves D, Shurtleff D, Case HS, Van Do N, Reed HL. Psychoneuroendocrine effects of combined thyroxine and triiodothyronine versus tyrosine during prolonged Antarctic residence. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007 Dec;66(5):401-17.
12. Do NV, Mino L, Merriam GR, LeMar H, Case HS, Palinkas LA, Reedy K, Reed HL.Elevation in serum thyroglobulin during prolonged Antarctic residence: effect of thyroxine supplement in the polar 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Apr;89(4):1529-33.
13. Reed HL, Reedy KR, Palinkas LA, Van Do N, Finney NS, Case HS, LeMar HJ, Wright J, Thomas J. Impairment in cognitive and exercise performance during prolonged antarctic residence: effect of thyroxine supplementation in the polar triiodothyronine syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):110-6.

Healthy adults undergoing adaptation to extreme cold (Antartic polar environment): Triiodothyronine treatment (3 references)

14. D’Alesandro MM, Malik M, Reed HL, Homer LD. Changes in triiodothyronine (T3) mononuclear leukocyte receptor kinetics after T3 administration and multiple cold-air exposures. Receptor. 1994 Winter;4(4):259-68.
15. Reed HL, D’Alesandro MM, Kowalski KR, Homer LD. Multiple cold air exposures change oral triiodothyronine kinetics in normal men. Am J Physiol. 1992 Jul;263(1 Pt 1):E85-93.
16. Hesslink RL Jr, D’Alesandro MM, Armstrong DW 3rd, Reed HL. Human cold air habituation is independent of thyroxine and thyrotropin. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Jun;72(6):2134-9.

Adults with a family history of thyroid disease and a serum TSH within or above the upper serum TSH limit: Thyroxine treatment (1 reference)

17. Abu-Helalah M, Law MR, Bestwick JP, Monson JP, Wald NJ. A randomized double-blind crossover trial to investigate the efficacy of screening for adult hypothyroidism. J Med Screen. 2010;17(4):164-9.

Adults of all ages with subclinical hypothyroidism (serum TSH above the upper reference limit and serum T4 within the reference range): Thyroxine treatment (24 references)

18. Liu P, Liu R, Chen X, Chen Y, Wang D, Zhang F, Wang Y. Can levothyroxine treatment reduce urinary albumin excretion rate in patients with early type 2 diabetic nephropathy and subclinical hypothyroidism? A randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015 Dec;31(12):2233-40.
19. Dejanovic M, Ivetic V, Nestorovic V, Milanovic Z, Eric M. The value of P300 Event-Related Potentials in the assessment of cognitive function in subclinical hypothyroidism. Minerva Endocrinol. 2015 Sep 3.
20. Ravanbod M1, Asadipooya K, Kalantarhormozi M, Nabipour I, Omrani GR Treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 2013 May;126(5):420-4.
21. Aghili R, Khamseh ME, Malek M, Hadian A, Baradaran HR, Najafi L, Emami Z. Changes of subtests of Wechsler Memory Scale and cognitive function in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism following treatment with levothyroxine. Arch Med 2012 Dec 20;8(6):1096-101.
22. Martins RM, Fonseca RH, Duarte MM, Reuters VS, Ferreira MM, Almeida C, Buescu A, Teixeira Pde F, Vaisman M. Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism treatment in systolic and diastolic cardiac function. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2011 Oct;55(7):460-7.
23. Parle J, Roberts L, Wilson S, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Haque MS, Heath C, Sheppard M, Franklyn J, Hobbs FD. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of thyroxine replacement on cognitive function in community-living elderly subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Birmingham Elderly Thyroid study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3623-32.
24. Nagasaki T, Inaba M, Yamada S, Shirakawa K, Nagata Y, Kumeda Y, Hiura Y, Tahara H, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y. Decrease of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in female subclinical hypothyroid patients during normalization of thyroid function: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Mar;160(3):409-15.
25. Mikhail GS, Alshammari SM, Alenezi MY, Mansour M, Khalil NA. Increased atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in untreated subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(5):570-5.
26. Teixeira Pde F, Reuters VS, Ferreira MM, Almeida CP, Reis FA, Buescu A, Costa AJ, Vaisman M. Lipid profile in different degrees of hypothyroidism and effects of levothyroxine replacement in mild thyroid failure. Transl Res. 2008 Apr;151(4):224-31.
27. Teixeira PF, Reuters VS, Ferreira MM, Almeida CP, Reis FA, Melo BA, Buescu A, Costa AJ, Vaisman M. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism reduces atherogenic lipid levels in a placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. Horm Metab Res.2008 Jan;40(1):50-5.
28. Razvi S, Ingoe L, Keeka G, Oates C, McMillan C, Weaver JU. The beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function, and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism: randomized, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1715-23.
29. Christ-Crain M, Meier C, Huber P, Zulewski H, Staub JJ, Müller B. Effect of restoration of euthyroidism on peripheral blood cells and erythropoietin in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Hormones (Athens). 2003 Oct-Dec;2(4):237-42.
30. Meek S, Smallridge RC. Effect of thyroid hormone replacement on methionine-stimulated homocysteine levels in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Endocr Pract. 2006 Sep-Oct;12(5):529-34.
31. Iqbal A, Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Serum lipid levels in relation to serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and the effect of thyroxine treatment on serum lipid levels in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Tromsø Study. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):53-61.
32. Jorde R, Waterloo K, Storhaug H, Nyrnes A, Sundsfjord J, Jenssen TG. Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):145-53.
33. Caraccio N, Natali A, Sironi A, Baldi S, Frascerra S, Dardano A, Monzani F, Ferrannini E. Muscle metabolism and exercise tolerance in subclinical hypothyroidism: a controlled trial of levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4057-62.
34. Meier C, Beat M, Guglielmetti M, Christ-Crain M, Staub JJ, Kraenzlin M. Restoration of euthyroidism accelerates bone turnover in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2004 Mar;15(3):209-16
35. Meier Cr C, Christ-Crain M, Guglielmetti M, Huber P, Staub JJ, Müller B. Prolactin dysregulation in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: effect of levothyroxine replacement therapy. Thyroid. 2003 Oct;13(10):979-85.
36. Christ-Crain M, Meier C, Guglielmetti M, Huber PR, Riesen W, Staub JJ, Müller B. Elevated C-reactive protein and homocysteine values: cardiovascular risk factors in hypothyroidism? A cross-sectional and a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2003 Feb;166(2):379-86.
37. Jensovsky J, Ruzicka E, Spackova N, Hejdukova B. Changes of event-related potential and cognitive processes in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism after thyroxine treatment. Endocr Regul. 2002 Sep;36(3):115-22.
38. Kong WM, Sheikh MH, Lumb PJ, Naoumova RP, Freedman DB, Crook M, Doré CJ, Finer N. A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 2002 Apr 1;112(5):348-54. Erratum in: Am J Med 2002 Oct 1;113(5):442.
39. Meier C, Staub JJ, Roth CB, Guglielmetti M, Kunz M, Miserez AR, Drewe J, Huber P, Herzog R, Müller B. TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Basel Thyroid Study). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;86(10):4860-6.
40. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Gerstein H, Patterson C, Molloy W, Cook D, Harper S, Griffith L, Carbotte R. Does treatment with L-thyroxine influence health status in middle-aged and older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism? J Gen Intern Med. 1996 Dec;11(12):744-9.
41. Nyström E, Lundberg PA, Lindstedt G. Rebound increase in serum thyrotropin, anti-‘microsomal’ antibodies and thyroglobulin after discontinuation of L-thyroxine. J Intern Med. 1990 Nov;228(5):497-501.

Adults of all ages with overt hypothyroidism: Thyroxine treatment (9 references)

42. Niknam N, Khalili N, Khosravi E, Nourbakhsh M. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effects of treatment with levothyroxine. Adv Biomed Res. 2016 Mar 16;5:38.
43. Ala S, Akha O, Kashi Z, Asgari H, Bahar A, Sasanpour N. Dose administration time from before breakfast to before dinner affect thyroid hormone levels? Caspian J Intern Med. 2015 Summer;6(3):134-40.
44. Cappelli C, Pirola I, Daffini L, Formenti A, Iacobello C, Cristiano A, Gandossi E, Agabiti Rosei E, Castellano M. A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Liquid Thyroxine Ingested at Breakfast: Results of the TICO Study. Thyroid. 2016 Feb;26(2):197-202.
45. Yazici M, Gorgulu S, Sertbas Y, Erbilen E, Albayrak S, Yildiz O, Uyan C. Effects of thyroxin therapy on cardiac function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: index of myocardial performance in the evaluation of left ventricular function. Int J Cardiol. 2004 Jun;95(2-3):135-43.
46. ni F, Caraccio N, Kozàkowà M, Dardano A, Vittone F, Virdis A, Taddei S, Palombo C, Ferrannini E. Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2099-106.
47. Caraccio N, Ferrannini E, Monzani F. Lipoprotein profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: response to levothyroxine replacement, a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1533-8.
48. Monzani F, Di Bello V, Caraccio N, Bertini A, Giorgi D, Giusti C, Ferrannini  E. Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1110-5.
49. Nyström E, Caidahl K, Fager G, Wikkelsö C, Lundberg PA, Lindstedt G. A double-blind cross-over 12-month study of L-thyroxine treatment of women with ‘subclinical’ hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1988 Jul;29(1):63-75.
50. Cooper DS, Halpern R, Wood LC, Levin AA, Ridgway EC. L-Thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jul;101(1):18-24

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Lower quality of life, performance and fatigue: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (15 references)

1. Shin YW, Choi YM, Kim HS, Kim DJ, Jo HJ, O’Donnell BF, Jang EK, Kim TY, Shong YK, Hong JP, Kim WB.Diminished quality of life and increased brain functional connectivity in patients with hypothyroidism after total thyroidectomy. Thyroid. 2016 May;26(5):641-9.
2. Winther KH, Cramon P, Watt T, Bjorner JB, Ekholm O, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Groenvold M, Rasmussen ÅK3, Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ. Disease-specific as well as generic quality of life is widely impacted in autoimmune hypothyroidism and improves during the first six months of levothyroxine therapy. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 3;11(6):e0156925.
3. Kiserud CE, Seland M, Holte H, Fosså A, Fosså SD, Bollerslev J, Bjøro T, Loge JH. Fatigue in male lymphoma survivors differs between diagnostic groups and is associated with latent hypothyroidism. Acta Oncol. 2015 Jan;54(1):49-59.
4. Vigário Pdos S, Vaisman F, Coeli CM, Ward L, Graf H, Carvalho G, Júnior RM, Vaisman M. Inadequate levothyroxine replacement for primary hypothyroidism is associated with poor health-related quality of life-a Brazilian multicentre study. 2013 Oct;44(2):434-40.
5. Reuters VS1, Almeida Cde P, Teixeira Pde F, Vigário Pdos S, Ferreira MM, Castro CL, Brasil MA, Costa AJ, Buescu A, Vaisman M. Effects of subclinical hypothyroidism treatment on psychiatric symptoms, muscular complaints, and quality of life. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2012 Mar;56(2):128-36.

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Lower quality of life, performance and fatigue: the improvement with thyroid treatment (10 references)

1. Winther KH, Cramon P, Watt T, Bjorner JB, Ekholm O, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Groenvold M, Rasmussen ÅK3, Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ. Disease-specific as well as generic quality of life is widely impacted in autoimmune hypothyroidism and improves during the first six months of levothyroxine therapy. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 3;11(6):e0156925
2. Sowiński J, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Ziółkowska P, Ruchała M.Effect of free triiodothyronine concentration on the quality of life of patients treated with levothyroxine. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2016 Apr 29;126(4):293-6.
3. Sato H, Nakamura N, Harada S, Kakee N, Sasaki N. Quality of life of young adults with congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr Int. 2009 Feb;51(1):126-31.
4. Mainenti MR, Vigário PS, Teixeira PF, Maia MD, Oliveira FP, Vaisman M. Effect of levothyroxine replacement on exercise performance in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009 May;32(5):470-3
5. Razvi S, Ingoe L, Keeka G, Oates C, McMillan C, Weaver JU. The beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function, and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism: randomized, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1715-23

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Depression: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (13 references)

1. Peng R, Dai W, Li Y. Low serum free thyroxine level is correlated with lipid profile in depressive patients with suicide attempt. Psychiatry Res. 2018 Aug;266:111-115.
2. Krysiak R, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. The effect of l-thyroxine treatment on sexual function and depressive symptoms in men with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Pharmacol Rep. 2017 Jun;69(3):432-437.
3. Badihian S, Jalalpour P, Mirdamadi M, Moslehi M. Quality of Life, anxiety and depression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer under short term hypothyroidism induced by levothyroxine withdrawal. Klin Onkol. Winter 2016;29(6):439-444.
4. Bathla M, Singh M, Relan P. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul-Aug;20(4):468-74.
5. Zavareh AT, Jomhouri R, Bejestani HS, Arshad M, Daneshmand M, Ziaei H, Babadi N, Amiri M. Depression and hypothyroidism in a population-based study of Iranian women. Rom J Intern Med. 2016 Dec 1;54(4):217-221

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Suicide attempts: the association with low thyroid hormone levels (free T4) (1 reference)

1. Peng R, Dai W, Li Y. Low serum free thyroxine level is correlated with lipid profile in depressive patients with suicide attempt. Psychiatry Res. 2018 Aug;266:111-115.

Depression: the improvement with thyroid treatment (12 references)

1. Walshaw PD, Gyulai L, Bauer M, Bauer MS, Calimlim B, Sugar CA, Whybrow PC. Adjunctive thyroid hormone treatment in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of levothyroxine (L-T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3 ). Bipolar Disord. 2018 Nov;20(7):594-603.
2. Krysiak R, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. The effect of l-thyroxine treatment on sexual function and depressive symptoms in men with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Pharmacol Rep. 2017 Jun;69(3):432-437.
3. Lin IC, Chen HH, Yeh SY, Lin CL, Kao CH. Risk of depression, chronic morbidities, and L-thyroxine treatment in Hashimoto thyroiditis in Taiwan: a nationwide cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Feb;95(6):e2842.
4. Najafi L, Malek M, Hadian A, Ebrahim Valojerdi A, Khamseh ME, Aghili R. Depressive symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism–the effect of treatment with levothyroxine: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.
5. Bauer M, Baur H, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Hellweg R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Baumgartner A. Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2002 Apr;68(2-3):285-94

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Anxiety: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (11 references)

1. Badihian S, Jalalpour P, Mirdamadi M, Moslehi M. Quality of Life, anxiety and depression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer under short term hypothyroidism induced by levothyroxine withdrawal. Klin Onkol. Winter 2016;29(6):439-444.
2. Bathla M, Singh M, Relan P. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul-Aug;20(4):468-74.
3. Andrade Junior NE, Pires ML, Thuler LC. Depression and anxiety symptoms in hypothyroid women Depression and anxiety symptoms in hypothyroid women. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2010 Jul;32(7):321-6.
4. Bisacchi N, Bal MO, Nardi L, Bettocchi I, D’Addabbo G, Conti V, Monti S, D’Alberton F, Cicognani A, Cassio A. Psychological and behavioural aspects in children and adolescents with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening: comparison between parents’ and children’s perceptions. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Feb;164(2):269-76.
5. Constant EL, Adam S, Seron X, Bruyer R, Seghers A, Daumerie C. Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005 Sep;11(5):535-44

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Anxiety: the improvement with thyroid treatment (T4+T3) (4 references)

1. Valizadeh M, Seyyed-Majidi MR, Hajibeigloo H, Momtazi S, Musavinasab N, Hayatbakhsh MR. Efficacy of combined levothyroxine and liothyronine as compared with levothyroxine monotherapy in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized controlled trial. Endocr Res. 2009;34(3):80-9.
2. Nygaard B, Jensen EW, Kvetny J, Jarløv A, Faber J. Effect of combination therapy with thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine versus T4 monotherapy in patients with hypothyroidism, a double-blind, randomised cross-over study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;161(6):895-902.
3. Saravanan P, Simmons DJ, Greenwood R, Peters TJ, Dayan CM. Partial substitution of thyroxine (T4) with tri-iodothyronine in patients on T4 replacement therapy: results of a large community-based randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):805-12
4. Venero C, Guadano-Ferraz A, Herrero AI, Nordstrom K, Manzano J, de Escobar GM, Bernal J, Vennstrom B. Anxiety, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 can be ameliorated by T3 treatment. Genes Dev. 2005 Sep 15;19(18):2152-63

Memory loss: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (10 references)

1. Bunevicius A, Kazlauskas H, Raskauskiene N, Janusonis V, Bunevicius R. Ischemic stroke functional outcomes are independently associated with C-reactive protein concentrations and cognitive outcomes with triiodothyronine concentrations: a pilot study. 2014 Mar;45(2):213-20.
2. Schraml FV1, Goslar PW, Baxter L, Beason-Held LL. Thyroid stimulating hormone and cognition during severe, transient hypothyroidism. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2011;32(3):279-85.
3. Pardo Campos ML, Musso M, Keselman A, Gruñeiro L, Bergadá I, Chiesa A. Cognitive profiles of patients with early detected and treated congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2017 Feb 1;115(1):12-17.
4. Wheeler SM, McLelland VC, Sheard E, McAndrews MP, Rovet JF. Hippocampal functioning and verbal associative memory in adolescents with congenital hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Oct 19;6:163.
5. Wheeler SM, McAndrews MP, Sheard ED, Rovet J. Visuospatial associative memory and hippocampal functioning in congenital hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012 Jan;18(1):49-56

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Dementia: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (5 references)

1. Quinlan P, Horvath A, Wallin A, Svensson J. Low serum concentration of free triiodothyronine (FT3) is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019 Jan;99:112-119.
2. Chang YS, Wu YH, Wang CJ, Tang SH, Chen HL. Higher levels of thyroxine may predict a favorable response to donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease: a prospective, case-control study. BMC Neurosci. 2018 Jun 22;19(1):36.
3. Ganguli M, Burmeister LA, Seaberg EC, Belle S, DeKosky ST. Association between dementia and elevated TSH: a community-based study. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct 15;40(8):714-2
4. Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Davis CL, Martinez R, Sunderland T. The TRH stimulation test in Alzheimer’s disease and major depression: relationship to clinical and CSF measures. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Sep 15;30(6):567-76
5. Nakanishi T. Consideration on serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) concentration and T3/T4 ratio in the patients of senile dementia – is it possible to prevent cerebro-vascular dementia? Igaku Kenkyu. 1990 Feb;60(1):18-25

Memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease: the improvement with thyroid treatment (13 references)

1. Sangün Ö, Demirci S, Dündar N, Pirgon Ö, Koca T, Doğan M, Dündar B. The effects of six-month l-thyroxine treatment on cognitive functions and event-related brain potentials in children with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015 Jun;7(2):102-8.
2. Aghili R, Khamseh ME, Malek M, Hadian A, Baradaran HR, Najafi L, Emami Z. Changes of subtests of Wechsler Memory Scale and cognitive function in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism following treatment with levothyroxine. Arch Med Sci. 2012 Dec 20;8(6):1096-101.
3. Yin JJ, Liao LM, Luo DX, Xu K, Ma SH, Wang ZX, Le HB, Huang RR, Cai ZL, Zhang J. Spatial working memory impairment in subclinical hypothyroidism: an FMRI study. Neuroendocrinology. 2013;97(3):260-70.
4. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, Tun TK, Phelan N, Feeney J, Fitzgibbon M, Boran G, O’Mara S, Gibney J. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3789-97
5. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, Tun TK, Phelan N, Feeney J, Fitzgibbon M, Boran G, O’Mara S, Gibney J. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3789-97

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Dementia: the improvement with thyroid treatment (2 references)

1. Wändell P, Carlsson AC, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Effect of levothyroxine treatment on incident dementia in adults with atrial fibrillation and hypothyroidism. Clin Drug Investig. 2019 Feb;39(2):187-195
2. Kinuya S, Michigishi T, Tonami N, Aburano T, Tsuji S, Hashimoto T. Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion observed with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in reversible dementia caused by hypothyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 1999 Sep;24(9):666-8

Sleep disorders: the association with low thyroid hormones levels (1 reference)

1. Santana-Miranda R, Murata C, Bruni O, Rosa A, Alvarado Ruiz GA, Castillo,Montoya CR, Rojas-Zamorano JÁ, Esqueda-León E, Dominguez-Salazar E, Poblano A,Velazquez-Moctezuma J. Cyclic alternating pattern in infants with congenital hypothyroidism. Brain Dev. 2019 Jan;41(1):66-71.

Sleep apnea: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (5 references)

1. Santana-Miranda R, Murata C, Bruni O, Rosa A, Alvarado Ruiz GA, Castillo,Montoya CR, Rojas-Zamorano JÁ, Esqueda-León E, Dominguez-Salazar E, Poblano A,Velazquez-Moctezuma J. Cyclic alternating pattern in infants with congenital hypothyroidism. Brain Dev. 2019 Jan;41(1):66-71.
2. Zhao GQ, Wang X, Fan JY, Gong W, Hao W, Zhou SH, Li AB, Guo RF, Shi H, Li ZX, Nie SP, Wei YX. Association between hypothyroidism and sleep breathing disorders in patients with coronary heart disease. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Aug1;57(8):571-575.
3. Krishnan PV, Vadivu AS, Alappatt A, Kameswaran M. Prevalence of sleep abnormalities and their association among hypothyroid patients in an Indian population. Sleep Med. 2012 Dec;13(10):1232-7.
4. Terán-Pérez G, Arana-Lechuga Y, González-Robles RO, Mandujano M,Santana-Miranda R,Esqueda-Leon E, Calzada R, Ruiz ML, Altamirano N, Sánchez C,Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Polysomnographic features in infants with early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Brain Dev. 2010 Apr;32(4):332-7.
5. Jha A, Sharma SK, Tandon N, Lakshmy R, Kadhiravan T, Handa KK, Gupta R, Pandey RM, Chaturvedi PK. Thyroxine replacement therapy reverses sleep-disordered breathing in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Sleep Med. 2006 Jan;7(1):55-61

Sleep disorders: the improvement with thyroid treatment (1 reference)

1. Ruiz-Primo E, Jurado JL, Solis H, Maisterrena JA, Fernandez-Guardiola A, Valverde C. Polysomnographic effects of thyroid hormones primary myxedema. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1982 May;53(5):559-64

Sleep apnea: the improvement with thyroid treatment (5 references)

1. Terán-Pérez G, Arana-Lechuga Y, González-Robles RO, Mandujano M,Santana-Miranda R,Esqueda-Leon E, Calzada R, Ruiz ML, Altamirano N, Sánchez C,Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Polysomnographic features in infants with early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Brain Dev. 2010 Apr;32(4):332-7.
2. Jha A, Sharma SK, Tandon N, Lakshmy R, Kadhiravan T, Handa KK, Gupta R, Pandey RM, Chaturvedi PK. Thyroxine replacement therapy reverses sleep-disordered breathing in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Sleep Med. 2006 Jan;7(1):55-61
3. Misiolek M, Marek B, Namyslowski G, Scierski W, Zwirska-Korczala K, Kazmierczak-Zagorska Z, Kajdaniuk D, Misiolek H. Sleep apnea syndrome and snoring in patients with hypothyroidism with relation to overweight. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;58 Suppl 1:77-8572.
4. Orr WC, Males JL, Imes NK. Myxedema and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Med. 1981 May;70(5):1061-673.
5. Rajagopal KR, Abbrecht PH, Derderian SS, Pickett C, Hofeldt F, Tellis CJ, Zwillich CW. Obstructive sleep apnea in hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Oct;101(4):491-4

Sexual dysfunction: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (1 reference)

1. Veronelli A, Mauri C, Zecchini B, Peca MG, Turri O, Valitutti MT, dall’Asta C, Pontiroli AE. Sexual dysfunction is frequent in premenopausal women with diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism, and correlates with markers of increased cardiovascular risk. A preliminary report. J Sex Med. 2009 Jun;6(6):1561-8

Low sperm motility: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels in men (1 reference)

1. Meeker JD, Godfrey-Bailey L, Hauser R. Relationships between serum hormone levels and semen quality among men from an infertility clinic. J Androl. 2007 May-Jun;28(3):397-406

Infertility: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (1 reference)

1. Bispink L, Brandle W, Lindner C, Bettendorf G. Preclinical hypothyroidism and disorders of ovarian function. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1989 Oct;49(10):881-8

Fertility: the improvement with thyroxine treatment in women (1 reference)

1. Akhtar MA, Agrawal R, Brown J, Sajjad Y, Craciunas L Thyroxine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 25;6:CD011009.

Hypercholesterolemia: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (7 references)

1. Sampaolo G, Campanella N, Catozzo V, Ferretti M, Vichi G, Morosini P. Recenti Prog Med. 2014 Feb;105(2):79-82 .
2. Bamashmoos SA, Al-Nuzaily MA, Al-Meeri AM, Ali FH. Relationship between total homocysteine, total cholesterol and creatinine levels in overt hypothyroid patients. Springerplus. 2013 Aug 30;2:423.
3. Strollo F, Carucci I, Morè M, Marico G, Strollo G, Masini MA, Gentile S. Free triiodothyronine and cholesterol levels in euthyroid elderly T2dm patients. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:420370
4. Tagami T, Kimura H, Ohtani S, Tanaka T, Tanaka T, Hata S, Saito M, Miyazaki Y, Araki R, Tanaka M, Yonezawa K, Sawamura M, Ise T, Ogo A, Shimbo T, Shimatsu A, Naruse M; PHPH study group. Multi-center study on the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Endocr J. 2011;58(6):449-57
5. Mayer O Jr, Simon J, Filipovský J, Plásková M, Pikner R. Hypothyroidism in coronary heart disease and its relation to selected risk factors. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2(4):499-50676.

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Hypercholesterolemia: the improvement with thyroid treatment (10 references)

1. Sampaolo G, Campanella N, Catozzo V, Ferretti M, Vichi G, Morosini P. Recenti Prog Med. 2014 Feb;105(2):79-82
2. Asranna A, Taneja RS, Kulshreshta B. Dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine on lipid profile. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;16(Suppl 2):S347-9
3. Kim SK, Kim SH, Park KS, Park SW, Cho YW. Regression of the increased common carotid artery-intima media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism after thyroid hormone replacement. Endocr J. 2009 Dec;56(6):753-874.
4. Razvi S, Ingoe L, Keeka G, Oates C, McMillan C, Weaver JU. The beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function, and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism: randomized, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1715-2375.
5. Wiseman SA, Carter G, Alaghband Zadeh J, Fowler PB, Greenhalgh RM. Can thyroxine halt the progression of peripheral arterial disease? Eur J Vasc Surg. 1989 Feb;3(1):85-776.

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Atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness): the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (7 references)

1. Saif A, Mousa S, Assem M, Tharwat N, Abdelhamid A. Endothelial dysfunction and the risk of atherosclerosis in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect. 2018 Oct 1;7(10):1075-1080.
2. Bozkus F, Dikmen N, Güngör G, Samur A. The effect of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism to intima-media thickness of carotid artery. Sleep Breath. 2017 Mar;21(1):31-36.
3. Zhou Y, Zhao L, Wang T, Hong J, Zhang J, Xu B, Huang X, Xu M, Bi Y. Free triiodothyronine concentrations are inversely associated with elevated carotid intima-media thickness in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016;23(2):216-24.
4. del Busto-Mesa A, Cabrera-Rego JO, Carrero-Fernández L, Hernández-Roca CV, González-Valdés JL, de la Rosa-Pazos JE. Changes in arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness, and epicardial fat after L-thyroxine replacement therapy in hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Nutr. 2015 Jun-Jul;62(6):270-6.
5. Gluvic Z, Sudar E, Tica J, Jovanovic A, Zafirovic S, Tomasevic R, Isenovic ER. Effects of levothyroxine replacement therapy on parameters of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in hypothyroid patients: a prospective pilot study. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:147070.

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Atherosclerosis: the improvement with thyroid treatment (8 references)

1. Del Busto-Mesa A, Cabrera-Rego JO, Carrero-Fernández L, Hernández-Roca CV, González-Valdés JL, de la Rosa-Pazos JE. Changes in arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness, and epicardial fat after L-thyroxine replacement therapy in hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Nutr. 2015 Jun-Jul;62(6):270-6.
2. Gluvic Z, Sudar E, Tica J, Jovanovic A, Zafirovic S, Tomasevic R, Isenovic ER. Effects of levothyroxine replacement therapy on parameters of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in hypothyroid patients: a prospective pilot study. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:147070.
3. Yazıcı D, Özben B, Toprak A, Yavuz D, Aydın H, Tarçın Ö, Deyneli O, Akalın S. Effects of restoration of the euthyroid state on epicardial adipose tissue and carotid intima media thickness in subclinical hypothyroid patients. 2015 Apr;48(3):909-15.
4. Kebapcilar L, Comlekci A, Tuncel P, Solak A, Secil M, Gencel O, Sahin M, Sari I, Yesil S. Effect of levothyroxine replacement therapy on paraoxonase-1 and carotid intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism. Med Sci Monit. 2010 Jan;16(1)
5. Kim SK, Kim SH, Park KS, Park SW, Cho YW. Regression of the increased common carotid artery-intima media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism after thyroid hormone replacement. Endocr J. 2009;56(6):753-8.

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Arterial hypertension: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (9 references)

1. Duan Y, Wang X, Peng W, Feng Y, Tang W, Wu X, Mao X, Bo R, Li W, Chen J, Qin Y, Liu C, Liu C. Gender-specific associations between subclinical hypothyroidism and blood pressure in Chinese adults. Endocrine. 2010
2. Kileĭnikov DV, Makusheva MV, Volkov VS. Pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in patients with primary hypothyroidism] Klin Med (Mosk). 2009;87(5):30-2
3. Velkoska Nakova V, Krstevska B, Bosevski M, Dimitrovski Ch, Serafimoski V. Dyslipidaemia and hypertension in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Prilozi. 2009 Dec;30(2):93-102
4. Guasti L, Marino F, Cosentino M, Cimpanelli M, Rasini E, Piantanida E, Vanoli P, De Palma D, Crespi C, Klersy C, Maroni L, Loraschi A, Colombo C, Simoni C, Bartalena L, Lecchini S, Grandi AM, Venco A. Pain perception, blood pressure levels, and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in patients followed for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a longitudinal study in hypothyroidism and during hormone treatment. Clin J Pain. 2007 Jul-Aug;23(6):518-23
5. Kotsis V, Alevizaki M, Stabouli S, Pitiriga V, Rizos Z, Sion M, Zakopoulos N. Hypertension and hypothyroidism: results from an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring study. J Hypertens. 2007 May;25(5):993-9

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Arterial hypertension: the improvement with thyroid treatment (2 references)

1. Fuller H Jr, Spittell JA Jr, McConahey WM, Schirger A. Myxedema and hypertension. Postgrad Med. 1966 Oct;40(4):425-8
2. Gasiorowski W, Plazinska MT. Arterial hypertension associated with hyper and hypothyroidism. Pol Tyg Lek. 1992 Nov 2-9;47(44-45):1009-10

Coronary heart disease: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (21 references)

1. She J, Feng J, Deng Y, Sun L, Wu Y, Guo M, Liang X, Li J, Xia Y, Yuan Z. Correlation of triiodothyronine level with in-hospital cardiac function and long-term prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Dis Markers. 2018 Dec 2;2018:5236267.
2. Chang X, Zhang S, Zhang M, Wang H, Fan C, Gu Y, Wei J, Qiu C. Free triiodothyronine and global registry of acute coronary events risk score on predicting long-term major adverse cardiac events in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Lipids Health Dis. 2018 Oct 12;17(1):234.
3. Gulzar R, Bukhari MH, Dar R, Sajjad H. Levels of serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Pak J Med Sci. 2018 Jul-Aug;34(4):950-954.
4. Desai R, Goyal H, Kumar G, Sachdeva R. Impact of hypothyroidism on outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary atherectomy for calcified coronary lesions: a propensity-matched analysis. Cureus. 2018 May 9;10(5).
5. Song Y, Li J, Bian S, Qin Z, Song Y, Jin J, Zhao X, Song M, Chen J, Huang L. Association between low free triiodothyronine levels and poor prognosis in patients with acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Apr 16;2018:9803851.

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Coronary heart disease: the improvement with thyroid treatment (11 references)

1. Pingitore A, Mastorci F, Piaggi P, Aquaro GD, Molinaro S, Ravani M, De Caterina A, Trianni G, Ndreu R, Berti S, Vassalle C, Iervasi G. Usefulness of triiodothyronine replacement therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and borderline/reduced triiodothyronine levels (from the THIRST study). Am J Cardiol. 2018 Dec 18.
2. Gao X, Chen Z, Liu M, Jia YM, Yang N, Yao Z, Feng XM, Xu Y, Wang G. Effects of short-term levothyroxine therapy on myocardial injuries in patients with severe overt hypothyroidism: Evidence from a cardiac MRI Study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017 Sep;46(3):897-904.
3. Zhang M, Sara JD, Matsuzawa Y, Gharib H, Bell MR, Gulati R, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Clinical outcomes of patients with hypothyroidism undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jul 7;37(26):2055-65.
4. Chen WH, Chen YK, Lin CL, Yeh JH, Kao CH. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, risk of coronary heart disease, and L-thyroxine treatment: a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jan;100(1):109-14.
5. Andersen MN, Olsen AM, Madsen JC, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Selmer C. Levothyroxine substitution in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 12;10(6).

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Cardiac arrhythmia: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (6 references)

1. Selivonenko VG, Zaika IV. The function of the thyroid and thyrotropic function in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and rhythm disorders. Lik Sprava. 1998 Jan-Feb;(1):81-3
2. Inama G, Furlanello F, Fiorentini F, Braito G, Vergara G, Casana P. Arrhythmogenic implications of non-iatrogenic thyroid dysfunction.  G Ital Cardiol. 1989 Apr;19(4):303-10
3. Vanin LN, Smetnev AS, Sokolov SF, Kotova GA, Masenko VP. Thyroid function in patients with ventricular arrhythmia. Kardiologiia. 1989 Feb;29(2):64-7
4. Vanin LN, Smetnev AS, Sokolov SF, Kotova GA, Masenko VP. Study of thyroid function in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Kardiologiia. 1989 Jan;29(1):71-45.
5. Nesher G, Zion MM. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in hypothyroidism–report of a case and review of the literature. Cardiology. 1988;75(4):301-66.

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Atrial fibrillation: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (2 references)

1. Jaimes MC, Torrado LAA, Reyes NFS, Mackenzie JC, Mallarino JPU. Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Nov-Dec;32(6):475-480.
2. Cerillo AG, Bevilacqua S, Storti S, Mariani M, Kallushi E, Ripoli A, Clerico A, Glauber M. Free triiodothyronine: a novel predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Oct;24(4):487-92

Atrial fibrillation: the improvement with thyroid treatment (2 references)

1. Klemperer JD, Klein IL, Ojamaa K, Helm RE, Gomez M, Isom OW, Krieger KH. Triiodothyronine therapy lowers the incidence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operations. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1996 May;61(5):1323-7; discussion 1328-9. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, NY 10021, USA.
2. Goichot B, Schlienger JL. Non-thyroid indications of treatment with thyroid hormones. Rev Med Interne. 1998 Oct;19(10):720-5.

Heart failure: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (5 references)

1. Khaleeli AA, Memon N. Factors affecting resolution of pericardial effusions in primary hypothyroidism: a clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic study. Postgrad Med J. 1982 Aug;58(682):473-62.
2. Reza MJ, Abbasi AS. Congestive cardiomyopathy in hypothyroidism. West J Med. 1975 Sep;123(3):228-303.
3. Rays J, Wajngarten M, Gebara OC, Nussbacher A, Telles RM, Pierri H, Rosano G, Serro-Azul JB. Long-term prognostic value of triiodothyronine concentration in elderly patients with heart failure. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003 Sep-Oct;12(5):293-7 
4. Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, Ripoli A, L’Abbate A, Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine levels for risk stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118(2):132-6
5. Klein I, Ojama K. In: Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid, ed. Braverman LE & Utiger RD, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996, 62: 799-804

Heart failure: the improvement with thyroid treatment (2 references)

1. Zondek H. Myxedema Heart. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1918, 65: 1180-3
2. Khaleeli AA, Memon N. Factors affecting resolution of pericardial effusions in primary hypothyroidism: a clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic study. Postgrad Med J. 1982 Aug;58(682):473-6

Cardiac arrest: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels (2 references)

1. Wortsman J, Premachandra BN, Chopra IJ, Murphy JE. Hypothyroxinemia in cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Feb;147(2):245-8
2. Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L’Abbate A, Donato L. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation. 2003 Feb 11;107(5):708-13

Low quality of life: the improvement with thymosin-alpha-1 treatment (1 reference)

1. Yang YM, Lu XY, Huang WD, Shen MY. Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on cellular immune function in elderly patients with malignant tumor. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003 Aug;32(4):339-41